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competitive exclusion principle
In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle,〔Hardin, G. (1960). The Competitive Exclusion Principle. ''Science'' 131, 1292-1297.〕 sometimes referred to as Gause's law of competitive exclusion or just Gause's law,〔Gause, G.F. (1934). ''The struggle for existence''. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.〕 is a proposition that states that two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological factors remain constant. When one species has even the slightest advantage or edge over another then the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term. One of the two competitors will always overcome the other, leading to either the extinction of this competitor or an evolutionary or behavioral shift toward a different ecological niche. The principle has been paraphrased into the maxim "complete competitors cannot coexist".〔
== Experimental basis ==
Based on field observations, Joseph Grinnell formulated the principle of competitive exclusion in 1904: "Two species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. One will crowd out the other". Russian ecologist Georgy Gause formulated the law of competitive exclusion based on laboratory competition experiments using two species of ''Paramecium'', ''P. aurelia'' and ''P. caudatum''. The conditions were to add fresh water every day and input a constant flow of food. Although ''P. caudatum'' initially dominated, ''P. aurelia'' recovered and subsequently drove ''P. caudatum'' extinct via exploitative resource competition. However, Gause was able to let the ''P. caudatum'' survive by differing the environmental parameters (food, water). Thus, the Gause law is valid only if the ecological factors are constant.
Gause also studied competition between two species of yeast, ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and ''Schizosaccharomyces kefir'', and found that ''Schizosaccharomyces kefir'' consistently outcompeted ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' by producing a higher concentration of ethyl alcohol.〔Gause, G.F. (1932). (Experimental studies on the struggle for existence: 1. Mixed population of two species of yeast ). ''Journal of Experimental Biology'' 9, 389-402.〕
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